Java 正则表达式-程序员充电站

Java 正则表达式

正则表达式定义了字符串的模式。

正则表达式可以用来搜索、编辑或处理文本。

正则表达式并不仅限于某一种语言，但是在每种语言中有细微的差别。

Java 提供了 java.util.regex 包，它包含了 Pattern 和 Matcher 类，用于处理正则表达式的匹配操作。

正则表达式实例

一个字符串其实就是一个简单的正则表达式，例如Hello World正则表达式匹配 "Hello World" 字符串。

.（点号）也是一个正则表达式，它匹配任何一个字符如："a" 或 "1"。

下表列出了一些正则表达式的实例及描述：

正则表达式	描述
this is text	匹配字符串 "this is text"
this\s+is\s+text	注意字符串中的\s+。匹配单词 "this" 后面的\s+可以匹配多个空格，之后匹配 is 字符串，再之后\s+匹配多个空格然后再跟上 text 字符串。可以匹配这个实例：this is text
^\d+(\.\d+)?	^ 定义了以什么开始 \d+ 匹配一个或多个数字 ? 设置括号内的选项是可选的 \. 匹配 "." 可以匹配的实例："5", "1.5" 和 "2.21"。

正则表达式

描述

this is text

匹配字符串 "this is text"

this\s+is\s+text

注意字符串中的\s+。

匹配单词 "this" 后面的\s+可以匹配多个空格，之后匹配 is 字符串，再之后\s+匹配多个空格然后再跟上 text 字符串。

可以匹配这个实例：this is text

^\d+(\.\d+)?

^ 定义了以什么开始

\d+ 匹配一个或多个数字

? 设置括号内的选项是可选的

\. 匹配 "."

可以匹配的实例："5", "1.5" 和 "2.21"。

更多正则表达式内容可以参考：正则表达式 - 教程

java.util.regex 包

java.util.regex 包是 Java 标准库中用于支持正则表达式操作的包。

java.util.regex 包主要包括以下三个类：

Pattern 类：
pattern 对象是一个正则表达式的编译表示。Pattern 类没有公共构造方法。要创建一个 Pattern 对象，你必须首先调用其公共静态编译方法，它返回一个 Pattern 对象。该方法接受一个正则表达式作为它的第一个参数。
Matcher 类：
Matcher 对象是对输入字符串进行解释和匹配操作的引擎。与Pattern 类一样，Matcher 也没有公共构造方法。你需要调用 Pattern 对象的 matcher 方法来获得一个 Matcher 对象。
PatternSyntaxException：
PatternSyntaxException 是一个非强制异常类，它表示一个正则表达式模式中的语法错误。

以下实例中使用了正则表达式.*runoob.*用于查找字符串中是否包了runoob子串：

实例

import java.util.regex.*; class RegexExample1{ public static void main(String[] args){ String content = "I am noob " + "from runoob.com."; String pattern = ".*runoob.*"; boolean isMatch = Pattern.matches(pattern, content); System.out.println("字符串中是否包含了 'runoob' 子字符串? " + isMatch); } }

实例输出结果为：

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字符串中是否包含了 'runoob' 子字符串? true

捕获组

捕获组是把多个字符当一个单独单元进行处理的方法，它通过对括号内的字符分组来创建。

例如，正则表达式 (dog) 创建了单一分组，组里包含"d"，"o"，和"g"。

捕获组是通过从左至右计算其开括号来编号。例如，在表达式（（A）（B（C））），有四个这样的组：

((A)(B(C)))
(A)
(B(C))
(C)

可以通过调用 matcher 对象的 groupCount 方法来查看表达式有多少个分组。groupCount 方法返回一个 int 值，表示matcher对象当前有多个捕获组。

还有一个特殊的组（group(0)），它总是代表整个表达式。该组不包括在 groupCount 的返回值中。

实例

下面的例子说明如何从一个给定的字符串中找到数字串：

RegexMatches.java 文件代码：

import java.util.regex.Matcher; import java.util.regex.Pattern; public class RegexMatches { public static void main( String[] args ){ // 按指定模式在字符串查找 String line = "This order was placed for QT3000! OK?"; String pattern = "(\\D*)(\\d+)(.*)"; // 创建 Pattern 对象 Pattern r = Pattern.compile(pattern); // 现在创建 matcher 对象 Matcher m = r.matcher(line); if (m.find( )) { System.out.println("Found value: " + m.group(0) ); System.out.println("Found value: " + m.group(1) ); System.out.println("Found value: " + m.group(2) ); System.out.println("Found value: " + m.group(3) ); } else { System.out.println("NO MATCH"); } } }

以上实例编译运行结果如下：

Found value: This order was placed for QT3000! OK? Found value: This order was placed for QT Found value: 3000 Found value: ! OK?

正则表达式语法

在其他语言中，\\ 表示：我想要在正则表达式中插入一个普通的（字面上的）反斜杠，请不要给它任何特殊的意义。

在 Java 中，\\ 表示：我要插入一个正则表达式的反斜线，所以其后的字符具有特殊的意义。

所以，在其他的语言中（如 Perl），一个反斜杠 \ 就足以具有转义的作用，而在 Java 中正则表达式中则需要有两个反斜杠才能被解析为其他语言中的转义作用。也可以简单的理解在 Java 的正则表达式中，两个 \\ 代表其他语言中的一个 \，这也就是为什么表示一位数字的正则表达式是 \\d，而表示一个普通的反斜杠是 \\。

System.out.print("\\"); // 输出为 \ System.out.print("\\\\"); // 输出为 \\

Java 正则表达式